In the light of the "beginning", the mother accepts and loves as a person the child she is carrying in her womb. This "ethos" is recalled and confirmed by Christ's words; it is the "ethos" of the Gospel and of Redemption. Hosea 11:1-4; Jer 3:4-19), but also sometimes as the "feminine" love of a mother. Motherhood as a human fact and phenomenon, is fully explained on the basis of the truth about the person. In the sphere of what is "human" - of what is humanly personal - "masculinity" and "femininity" are distinct, yet at the same time they complete and explain each other. It is difficult to enumerate these sufferings; it is difficult to call them all by name. The Eucharist makes present and realizes anew in a sacramental manner the redemptive act of Christ, who "creates" the Church, his body. The Bridegroom is the one who loves. The Mulieris Dignitatem was written by Pope John Paul II in 1988. One can say that this is part of the normal human dimension of parenthood, including the stages that follow the birth of the baby, especially the initial period. "The Church herself is a virgin, who keeps whole and pure the fidelity she has pledged to her Spouse". Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity "Apostolicam actuositatem," 9. He has risen, as he said" (Mt 28:6). The "sincere gift" contained in the Sacrifice of the Cross gives definitive prominence to the spousal meaning of God's love. [38] Mary Magdalene was the first eyewitness of the Risen Christ, and for this reason she was also the first to bear witness to him before the Apostles. Mulieris Dignitatem (the Dignity of Women) explains a Catholic Response to the Women's movement as it entered its second wave - the deconstruction of biblical texts by feminist theologians such as Rosemary Ruether, Elisabeth Fiorenza, Phyllis Trible and Mary Daly. [27] Cf. "[13] "From ancient times down to the present, there has existed among different peoples a certain perception of that hidden power which is present in the course of things and in the events of human life; at times, indeed, recognition can be found of a Supreme Divinity or even a Supreme Father". The text of Genesis 2:18-25 shows that marriage is the first and, in a sense, the fundamental dimension of this call. Traductor El diccionario de inglés más grande del mundo Verbos Conjugaciones para cada verbo en inglés Vocabulario Gramática Aprende todas las reglas de gramática Pronunciación Escucha miles de pronunciaciones In this regard a statement of the Second Vatican Council is especially significant. - "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God... For with God nothing will be impossible" (cf. It is a question of understanding the reason for and the consequences of the Creator's decision that the human being should always and only exist as a woman or a man. "Facta est Apostolorum Apostola per hoc quod ei committitur ut resurrectionem dominicam discipulis annuntiet": St. Thomas Aquinas, "In Ioannem Evangelistam Expositio," c. XX, L. III 6 ("Sancti Thomae Aquinatis Comment. In you the Father, who is without beginning and whose power has covered you, is glorified. virg. The truth about the person and about love is thus confirmed. It is a question here of every man and woman, all the sons and daughters of the human race, in whom from generation to generation a fundamental inheritance is realized, the inheritance that belongs to all humanity and that is linked with the mystery of the biblical "beginning": "God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them"(Gen 1: 27).[11]. Being a person in the image and likeness of God thus also involves existing in a relationship, in relation to the other "I". "If you knew the gift of God" (Jn 4:10), Jesus says to the Samaritan woman during one of those remarkable conversations which show his great esteem for the dignity of women and for the vocation which enables them to share in his messianic mission. The spouses share in the creative power of God! One can say she is a Woman of cosmic scale, on a scale with the whole work of creation. We find various passages in which the apostolic writings express this innovation, even though they also communicate what is "old": what is rooted in the religious tradition of Israel, in its way of understanding and explaining the sacred texts, as for example the second chapter of the Book of Genesis.[49]. [33] It is precisely by appealing to the divine law that the Fathers of the fourth century strongly react against the discrimination still in effect with regard to women in the customs and the civil legislation of their time. The document reflects the Catholic view . However, it is not only a matter of communal forms but also of non-communal forms. This gift is the beginning and the prototype of a new expectation on the part of all. This eternal truth about the human being, man and woman - a truth which is immutably fixed in human experience - at the same time constitutes the mystery which only in "the Incarnate Word takes on light... (since) Christ fully reveals man to himself and makes his supreme calling clear", as the Council teaches. In the end Jesus says to her: "Do not sin again", but first he evokes an awareness of sin in the men who accuse her in order to stone her, thereby revealing his profound capacity to see human consciences and actions in their true light. We may recall her maternal care for her children, especially when they fall sick or fall into bad ways; the death of those most dear to her; the loneliness of mothers forgotten by their grown up children; the loneliness of widows; the sufferings of women who struggle alone to make a living; and women who have been wronged or exploited. It is precisely this love which explains the Covenant, a Covenant often presented as a marriage covenant which God always renews with his Chosen People. Mary is the first person in whom this new awareness is manifested, for she asks the Angel: "How can this be, since I have no husband?" La Carta apostólica "Mulieris dignitatem" se sitúa en el contexto amplio del Año Mariano y tiene el estilo y el carácter de una meditación. St. Augustine, "De Trinitate," L. VIII, VII, 10-X, 14: CCL 50, 284-291. [7] In one of his Discourses Paul VI said: "Within Christianity, more than in any other religion, and since its very beginning, women have had a special dignity, of which the New Testament shows us many important aspects...; it is evident that women are meant to form part of the living and working structure of Christianity in so prominent a manner that perhaps not all their potentialities have yet been made clear".[8]. The biblical exemplar of the "woman" finds its culmination in the motherhood of the Mother of God. Indeed, in order to illustrate the Church's fundamental mission, he finds nothing better than the reference to motherhood. The inheritance of sin suggested by the words of the Bible - "Your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you" - can be conquered only by following this path. This is not a purely theoretical interpretation, nor an abstract definition, for it gives an essential indication of what it means to be human, while emphasizing the value of the gift of self, the gift of the person. This collective subject is the People of God, a community made up of many persons, both women and men. As we see, in this most arduous test of faith and fidelity the women proved stronger than the Apostles. The analogy of the Bridegroom and the Bride speaks of the love with which every human being - man and woman - is loved by God in Christ. Eph 5:23), he has loved every individual person. cit., 418-422. "When the time had fully come, God sent forth his son, born of woman". Husbands should make their own the elements of this style in regard to their wives; analogously, all men should do the same in regard to women in every situation. The particular union of the "Theotókos" with God - which fulfils in the most eminent manner the supernatural predestination to union with the Father which is granted to every human being (filii in Filio) - is a pure grace and, as such, a gift of the Spirit. Jn 4:26). el que fue compuesta la Mulieris Dignitatem. In all of these the same truth about the spiritual motherhood of virgins is confirmed in various ways. What gives rise to our sorrows, and to what intent? What is the meaning and purpose of our life? While this is a special sign of the Kingdom of God to come, it also serves as a way to devote all the energies of soul and body during one's earthly life exclusively for the sake of the eschatological kingdom. The particular reference to the dignity of women and their vocation, precisely in our time, can and must be received in the "light and power" which the Spirit grants to human beings, including the people of our own age, which is marked by so many different transformations. These words concern that original "unity of the two" which is linked with the creation of the human being as male and female, made in the image and likeness of God, and based on the model of that most perfect communion of Persons which is God himself. Christ did everything possible to ensure that - in the context of the customs and social relationships of that time - women would find in his teaching and actions their own subjectivity and dignity. Mulieris Dignitatem: the vocation of a wife and mother in a legal covenant marriage. In this way, one can say that the profile of marriage is found spiritually in virginity. cit., 383. "Both mothers--writes Isaac of Stella, disciple of St. Bernard--both virgins, both conceive through the work of the Holy Spirit...Mary...has given birth in body to her Head; the Church...gives to this Head her body. The woman cannot become the "object" of "domination" and male "possession". Pius XII, Address to Italian Women (October 21, 1945): AAS 37 (1945) 284-295; Address to the World Union of Catholic Women's Organizations (April 24, 1952), AAS 44 (1952), 420-424; Address to the participants in the XIV International Meeting of the World Union of Catholic Women's Organizations (September 29,1957): AAS 49 (1957), 906-922. It is significant that the foretelling of the Redeemer contained in these words refers to "the woman". They are with Christ at the Last Supper. Christ is the Bridegroom because "he has given himself": his body has been "given", his blood has been "poured out" (cf. In its essence, however, sin is a negation of God as Creator in his relationship to man, and of what God wills for man, from the beginning and for ever. Sabemos que este relato es posterior cronológicamente hablando con respecto al segundo relato de la creación del Génesis 2, es un relato de carácter objetivo y en cierta medida metafísico 8. Both the Old and New Testament will develop that "ethos", which reaches its apex in the commandment of love.[25]. [47] Ibid., 64. 7. Who among them, however, could have imagined that the promised Messiah would be "the Son of the Most High"? Introduction. ), which with great generosity are poured forth upon the "daughters" of the eternal Jerusalem, may be attentively recognized and appreciated so that they may return for the common good of the Church and of humanity, especially in our times. And it seems to me that the best thing is to give this text the style and character of a meditation. This unique contact with the new human being developing within her gives rise to an attitude towards human beings - not only towards her own child, but every human being - which profoundly marks the woman's personality. On the woman's part, this fact is linked in a special way to "a sincere gift of self". He was a witness of God's eternal plan for the human being, created in his own image and likeness as man and woman. The passage from the Letter to the Ephesians already quoted (5:21-33), in which the relationship between Christ and the Church is presented as the link between the Bridegroom and the Bride, also makes reference to the institution of marriage as recorded in the Book of Genesis (cf. According to the Bible, the conception and birth of a new human being are accompanied by the following words of the woman: "I have brought a man into being with the help of the Lord" (Gen 4:1).This exclamation of Eve, the "mother of all the living" is repeated every time a new human being comes into the world. 3:15). La dignité de la femme et sa vocation - objets constants de la réflexion humaine et chrétienne - ont pris ces dernières années un relief tout à fait particulier. To his host, who is scandalized by this, he will say: "Her sins, which are many, are forgiven, for she loved much" (cf. Virg. What makes man like God is the fact that - unlike the whole world of other living creatures, including those endowed with senses (animalia) - man is also a rational being (animal rationale). [60] Cf. He was also perfectly aware of the consequences of sin, of that "mystery of iniquity" working in human hearts as the bitter fruit of the obscuring of the divine image. Within the framework of the present meditation on the dignity and vocation of women, this truth about being human constitutes the indispensable point of departure. These episodes provide a very clear picture. In this way "he loved them to the end" (Jn 13:1). And elsewhere: "As one whom his mother comforts, so will I comfort you; you shall be comforted in Jerusalem" (66: 13). Su pontificado de casi 27 años fue el tercero más largo en la historia de la Iglesia católica. This is the eternal and definitive Covenant in Christ, in his body and blood, in his Cross and Resurrection. Cf. It suffices to mention: Monica, the mother of Augustine, Macrina, Olga of Kiev, Matilda of Tuscany, Hedwig of Silesia, Jadwiga of Cracow, Elizabeth of Thuringia, Birgitta of Sweden, Joan of Arc, Rose of Lima, Elizabeth Ann Seton and Mary Ward. [40] Encyclical Letter "Redemptoris Mater", 18: loc. The biblical description of original sin in the third chapter of Genesis in a certain way "distinguishes the roles" which the woman and the man had in it. In calling only men as his Apostles, Christ acted in a completely free and sovereign manner. Thus the "perfect woman" (cf. These words of the Constitution on the Church in the Modern World show the path to be followed in undertaking the tasks connected with the dignity and vocation of women, against the background of the significant changes of our times. 1 Jn 2:16). Thus every element of human generation which is proper to man, and every element which is proper to woman, namely human "fatherhood" and "motherhood", bears within itself a likeness to, or analogy with the divine "generating" and with that "fatherhood" which in God is "totally different", that is, completely spiritual and divine in essence; whereas in the human order, generation is proper to the "unity of the two": both are "parents", the man and the woman alike. Sometimes the women whom Jesus met and who received so many graces from him, also accompanied him as he journeyed with the Apostles through the towns and villages, proclaiming the Good News of the Kingdom of God; and they "provided for them out of their means". Sometimes, forgetting his own sin, he even makes himself the accuser, as in the case described. 19. [26] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World "Gaudium et spes," 24. 45, 74; De instit. [3], Similar thinking had already been put forth in the period before the Council, as can be seen in a number of Pope Pius XII's Discourses [4] and in the Encyclical Pacem in Terris of Pope John XXIII. This event is clearly interpersonal in character: it is a dialogue. In this Letter the author expresses the truth about the Church as the bride of Christ, and also indicates how this truth is rooted in the biblical reality of the creation of the human being as male and female. On the basis of the Gospel, the meaning of virginity was developed and better understood as a vocation for women too, one in which their dignity, like that of the Virgin of Nazareth, finds confirmation. Gen 2:18-25) makes use of different language to express the truth about the creation of man, and especially of woman. He teaches, therefore, taking as his starting-point this feminine response of mind and heart. According to the Letter to the Ephesians, the bride is the Church, just as for the Prophets the bride was Israel. Hence she came to be called "the apostle of the Apostles". Mulieris Dignitatem ( Sobre la Dignidad y la vocación de la mujer - Juan Pablo II 1. It means something more universal, based on the very fact of her being a woman within all the interpersonal relationships which, in the most varied ways, shape society and structure the interaction between all persons - men and women. Even in the face of serious social discrimination, holy women have acted "freely", strengthened by their union with Christ. The motherhood of every woman, understood in the light of the Gospel, is similarly not only "of flesh and blood": it expresses a profound "listening to the word of the living God" and a readiness to "safeguard" this Word, which is "the word of eternal life" (cf. To say that man is created in the image and likeness of God means that man is called to exist "for" others, to become a gift. When she hears the words: "You will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus", she immediately asks: "How can this be, since I have no husband?" The Book of Genesis attests to the fact that sin is the evil at man's "beginning" and that since then its consequences weigh upon the whole human race. "Yes, Lord; I believe that you are the Christ, the Son of God, he who is coming into the world" (Jn 11:21-27). In the Book of Genesis we find another description of the creation of man - man and woman (cf. This concerns each and every woman, independently of the cultural context in which she lives, and independently of her spiritual, psychological and physical characteristics, as for example, age, education, health, work, and whether she is married or single. [1] Rev. This truth, which Christian faith has accepted from the beginning, was solemnly defined at the Council of Ephesus (431 A.D.). This test is meant for both of them - man and woman - from the "beginning". Virginity and motherhood co-exist in her: they do not mutually exclude each other or place limits on each other. (Mulieris Dignitatem) 4. Everything that has been said so far about Christ's attitude to women confirms and clarifies, in the Holy Spirit, the truth about the equality of man and woman. This also explains the meaning of the "help" spoken of in Genesis 2 :1 8-25: "I will make him a helper fit for him". Volver a Pensamiento Social Cristiano (formacion) MULIERIS DIGNITATEM . Jesus - who knows that she is a sinner and speaks to her about this - discusses the most profound mysteries of God with her. These words repeat what he had said at the beginning of the discourse on celibacy (cf. 12, 15: PG 33, 741; St. John Chrysostom, "In Ps." Summary of Mulieris Dignitatem This Apostolic Letter Mulieris Dignitatem (MD) was written in 1988 on the feast of the Assumption. On the positive side, both documents emphasize the equal dignity of women and men. 2 Cor 5:17), since she herself, as the first of the redeemed in salvation history, is "a new creation": she is "full of grace". "O woman, great is your faith! Mt 22:36-40; Mk 12:28-34). There is an analogy in God's salvific economy: if we wish to understand it fully in relation to the whole of human history, we cannot omit, in the perspective of our faith, the mystery of "woman": virgin-mother-spouse. Christ is the one who "knows what is in man" (cf. It is truly significant that in his important discussion about marriage and its indissolubility, in the presence of "the Scribes", who by profession were experts in the Law, Jesus makes reference to the "beginning". Similarly one can understand the mystery of that "non-likeness" to God, who "alone is good" (cf. Mulieris Dignitatem - documento de la santa sede, carta - CARTA APOSTÓLICA MULIERIS DIGNITATEM DEL - Studocu documento de la santa sede, carta carta apostólica mulieris dignitatem del sumo pontífice juan pablo ii sobre la dignidad la vocación de la mujer con ocasión DescartarPrueba Pregunta a un experto Pregunta al Experto Iniciar sesiónRegistrate In this moment of danger, those who love much succeed in overcoming their fear. Carta Apostólica Mulieris Dignitatem del Sumo Pontífice Juan Pablo II sobre la Dignidad y la vocación de la mujer, ocasión del año Mariano. [9] Cf. In both cases marriage signifies the "sincere gift of the person" of the bride to the groom. Jesus enters into the concrete and historical situation of women, a situation which is weighed down by the inheritance of sin. It is also to be noted how the same Woman, who attains the position of a biblical "exemplar", also appears within the eschatological perspective of the world and of humanity given in the Book of Revelation [60] She is "a woman clothed with the sun", with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of stars (cf. Jn 3:27-29). First, I believe John Paul II's apostolic letter on the dignity and vocation of women is worthy of more consideration than it has gotten from the theological community. ; St. Jerome, "Epist". In fact, the ideal of celibacy and virginity for the sake of greater closeness to God was not entirely foreign to certain Jewish circles, especially in the period immediately preceding the coming of Jesus. Antecedentes: • Papa Pío XII, Papa Juan XXIII Pablo VI. 211, 462-465; V, 21, 1: S. Ch. Rom 8: 29),namely, among the faithful. Mt 28:1-10; Lk 24:8-11). Consequently, even the rightful opposition of women to what is expressed in the biblical words "He shall rule over you" (Gen 3:16) must not under any condition lead to the "masculinization" of women. In the life of consecrated women, for example, who live according to the charism and the rules of the various apostolic Institutes, it can express itself as concern for people, especially the most needy: the sick, the handicapped, the abandoned, orphans, the elderly, children, young people, the imprisoned and, in general, people on the edges of society. In the light of the Gospel, they acquire their full meaning and value in Mary, who as a Virgin became the Mother of the Son of God. 17. The Second Vatican Council renewed the Church's awareness of the universality of the priesthood. Therefore she is truly the Mother of God, because motherhood concerns the whole person, not just the body, nor even just human "nature". The biblical description in the Book of Genesis outlines the truth about the consequences of man's sin, as it is shown by the disturbance of that original relationship between man and woman which corresponds to their individual dignity as persons. The Church "holds that in her Lord and Master can be found the key, the focal point, and the goal" of man and "of all human history", and she "maintains that beneath all changes there are many realities which do not change and which have their ultimate foundation in Christ, who is the same yesterday and today, yes and forever".[57]. This event, in a sense, crowns all that has been said previously about Christ entrusting divine truths to women as well as men. Such a "restricted" picture would go hand in hand with a materialistic concept of the human being and of the world. But it is not the only one. THE DIGNITY AND THE VOCATION OF WOMEN - a subject of constant human and Christian reflection - have gained exceptional prominence in recent years. Nevertheless, Christ's answer, in itself, has a value both for men and for women. The one who accomplishes the Redemption is also a true man. Although man is created in God's likeness, God does not cease to be for him the one "who dwells in unapproachable light" (1 Tim 6:16): he is the "Different One", by essence the "totally Other". Meditating on what the Gospels say about Christ's attitude towards women, we can conclude that as a man, a son of Israel, he revealed the dignity of the "daughters of Abraham" (cf. This "unity of the two", which is a sign of interpersonal communion, shows that the creation of man is also marked by a certain likeness to the divine communion ("communio"). 9. At the beginning of the Bible this is not yet stated directly. • 1971: Comisión especial sobre "la efectiva promoción de la dignidad y de la responsabilidad de las mujeres" (Pablo VI). We only understand it fully if we place the whole conversation between the Angel and Mary in the context of the words: "full of grace". Gen 2:24). Before this there were the women on the Via Dolorosa, "who bewailed and lamented him" (Lk 23:27). A woman is "married" either through the sacrament of marriage or spiritually through marriage to Christ. But this entrusting concerns women in a special way - precisely by reason of their femininity - and this in a particular way determines their vocation. In the expression "handmaid of the Lord", one senses Mary's complete awareness of being a creature of God. This statement should not be deprived of its profound meaning, nor should it be diminished by artificially removing it from the overall context of the event and from the full content of the truth revealed about God and man. Do you believe this?" This statement is primarily ontological in nature, and it gives rise to an ethical affirmation. 14. In this context it indicates the evangelical ideal of virginity, an ideal which constitutes a clear "innovation" with respect to the tradition of the Old Testament.
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